Management and Organizations in Global Environment Factors

Questions: Discuss about the Management and Does your own personal decision-making always reflect an objective process? Does the desire to be accepted as a part of a group leave one susceptible to conforming to the groups norms? Identify and discuss situational factors that can enable a group to exert pressure strong enough to change a members attitude and behaviour. Answers: Introduction: This report has focused on two different factors, obtained from two learning activities that are Milgram Experiment and Solomon Asch and Group Conformity. Both this study looks into different psychological matters that n individual can experience. Here, the ideas from these two studies have been related to the personal experience so that better self-assessment can be obtained. Milgram Experiment This experiment is named after Stanley Milgram, who conducted an experiment on a group of men with diverse range of occupation and education. Main purpose of this experiment is to understand the nature of those people whether they agree to do such works that are array with their personal opinion or not. In a working culture, difference of opinions between the employees and authorities are common (Reicher, Haslam and Miller 2014). Sometimes, authorities instruct the workers to do work that can be harmful to the safety issues of the employees. The Milgram experiment actually evaluates the intensity of the obedience by the employees to an organization head. Milgram summarized that from the philosophic and legal aspects, obedience has significant importance; however, it does not provide any transparent idea on the behavioural approach that an individual expresses during any concrete situation. Among 40 participants, almost 65% of them administered the shock of 450-volt shock. Rest of the participants showed objection regarding the experiment. These people also said that they are ready to pay the money that they were given to be a part of the experiment. As mentioned by, Cannon and Buttell (2015), common people who have no particular hostility can be a part of the destructive process while doing job. Furthermore, the workers are often asked to continue the tasks even after the destructive effects of the work have been exposed. Herrera (2013), mentioned that authorities of the organization sometimes force the workers to conduct works that are clearly incompatible with moral standards; however, few of those workers are capable to resist such unethical and immoral commands of the authorities. The experiment of Milgram is recognized worldwide; however, it has also accepted criticism. The experiment itself raised questions on the ethical values of conducting this experiment. The participants also suffered from extreme emotional stress and inflicted insight that was too subjected for the criticism. On the other hand, Barber and Bagsby (2012), stated that the reason behind the criticism was raised as it revealed the true nature of the human being. However, Milgram Experiment is approachable in such context where it is required to understand whether the employees follow their own opinions or perspectives or bow it the unethical or immoral commands of the senior authorities. From my perspective I can force other human for a good cause. For instance, if I am a manager I can push my employees for the better outcome for the good of the organization; however, I will never force them to such extent where they have to face any mental breakdown or physical strenuous situation. Solomon Asch and Group Conformity Solomon Asch and group conformity refers to the series of experiments that is conducted to yield the fact whether beliefs of an individual can be influenced by the opinion of the majority of the people within a group or not. Solomon conducted this experiment within few college students. Among those group members all except one participant were actors who knew the real reason behind the experiment. The scenario was created in such a way where the real participants became last to respond. All the actors were asked to respond incorrectly so that it could be understood that the subject of the experiment expresses its own opinion or findings or just go with the group. After the accomplishment of the experiment it was found that majority of the participants gave correct answer while minority of them went with options that others have said. My personal decision making does not always reflect an objective process. Objective process involves the activities that are implemented to achieve an aim. I tend to fulfil all the objectives of a given task; however, sometimes lagging occurs while there is any requirement of decision-making process. An individual can be susceptible to the different norms of a particular group to get accepted as a part of that group. As mentioned by, Kundu and Cummins (2013), such situations are common when an individual agrees with the norms of a particular group or any provision even after knowing the fact that those norms are incorrect. There are several factors that can influence an individual to follow the norms of a group are security, affiliation, power, status, self-esteem and goal-achievement. In this regard, Goncalo and Duguid (2012), mentioned that sometimes an individual finds it isolating if he steps aside from a particular point that have accepted by all. Thus, to get security, an individual can go with the opinions of other members of the group (Van Leeuwen and Haun 2014). Nicolas and Levine (2012), also mentioned that an individual can also go along with the collective opinions if he finds that agreeing with others can give power or authority and position among the other group members. In order to reach the goal, an individual can agree with other group members as well as conformity to the groups norms can increase the self-esteem of an individual. Conclusion: Hence, it can be said that this report has shed light on the factors related with different psychological concerns of human being. Two different experimental factors have been chosen here; one is Milgram Experiment and Sololon Asch and Group Conformity. Milgram experiment focuses on the factor whether an employee can tolerate or obey any unethical commands given by the authority of the organization even if it causes emotional, physical and social harassment. Experiment of group conformity, proposed by Solomon Asch is applied to understand whether opinion of an individual can be influenced by the opinion of majority of the members of the group. Inclusion of the self-assessment within this report has made this report more valid and approachable. Reference list: Barber, L. and Bagsby, P.G., 2012. Beyond milgram: Expanding research ethics education to participant responsibilities. Cannon, C. and Buttell, F., 2015. Institutional Review Boards at Very High Research Activity Universities An Opportunity for Social Workers.Research on Social Work Practice,25(7), pp.832-835. Goncalo, J.A. and Duguid, M.M., 2012. Follow the crowd in a new direction: When conformity pressure facilitates group creativity (and when it does not).Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,118(1), pp.14-23. Herrera, C., 2013. Stanley Milgram and the ethics of social science research.Theoretical and Applied Ethics,2(2). Kundu, P. and Cummins, D.D., 2013. Morality and conformity: The Asch paradigm applied to moral decisions.Social Influence,8(4), pp.268-279. Nicolas, S. and Levine, Z., 2012. Beyond Intelligence Testing.European Psychologist. Reicher, S.D., Haslam, S.A. and Miller, A.G., 2014. What makes a person a perpetrator? The intellectual, moral, and methodological arguments for revisiting Milgram's research on the influence of authority.Journal of Social Issues,70(3), pp.393-408. Van Leeuwen, E.J. and Haun, D.B., 2014. Conformity without majority? The case for demarcating social from majority influences.Animal Behaviour,96, pp.187-194.